Foreign relations of Croatia

The following page shows the foreign relations of Croatia from past history, current events, international disputes and foreign support.

Croatia

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Contents

History

Croatian foreign policy has focused on greater Euro-Atlantic integration, mainly entering the European Union and NATO. In order to gain access to European and trans-Atlantic institutions, it has had to undo many negative effects of the breakup of Yugoslavia and the war that ensued, and improve and maintain good relations with its neighbors.

Key issues over the last decade have been the implementation of the Dayton Accords and the Erdut Agreement, nondiscriminatory facilitation of the return of refugees and displaced persons from the 1991-95 war including property restitution for ethnic Serbs, resolution of border disputes with Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro, and general democratization.

Croatia has had an uneven record in these areas between 1996 and 1999 during the right-wing HDZ government, inhibiting its relations with the European Union and the U.S. Improvement in these areas severely hindered the advance of Croatia's prospects for further Euro-Atlantic integration. Progress in the areas of Dayton, Erdut, and refugee returns were evident in 1998, but progress was slow and required intensive international engagement.

Croatia's unsatisfactory performance implementing broader democratic reforms in 1998 raised questions about the ruling party's commitment to basic democratic principles and norms. Areas of concern included restrictions on freedom of speech, one-party control of public TV and radio, repression of independent media, unfair electoral regulations, a judiciary that is not fully independent, and lack of human and civil rights protection.

A centre-left coalition government was elected in early 2000. The SDP-led government slowly relinquished control over public media companies and did not interfere with freedom of speech and independent media, though it didn't complete the process of making Croatian Radiotelevision independent. Judiciary reforms remained a pending issue as well.

Major Croatian advances in foreign relations during this period have included:

The EU application was the last major international undertaking of the Račan government, which submitted a 7,000-page report in reply to the questionnaire by the European Commission.

Foreign relations were severely affected by the government's hesitance and stalling of the extradition of Croatian general Janko Bobetko to the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), and inability to take general Ante Gotovina into custody for questioning by the Court.

Refugee returns accelerated since 1999, reached a peak in 2000, but then slightly decreased in 2001 and 2002. The OSCE mission in Croatia has continued to monitor the return of refugees and is still recording civil rights violations. Croatian Serbs continue to have problems with restitution of property and acceptance to the reconstruction assistance programmes. Combined with lacking economic opportunities in the rural areas of former Krajina, the return process is highly troubled.

At the time of Croatia's application to the European Union, three EU countries were yet to ratify the Stabilization and Association Agreement: the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Italy.

The new Sanader government repeated the assurances that Croatia will fulfill the missing political obligations, and expedited the extradition of several ICTY indictees.

The European Commission replied to the answers of the questionnaire sent to Croatia on April 20, 2004 with a positive opinion. The country was finally accepted as EU candidate in July 2004. Italy and Britain ratified the Stabilization and Association Agreement shortly thereafter, while the ten EU countries that were admitted to membership that year ratified it en masse at a European Summit.

In December 2004, the EU leaders announced that accession negotiations with Croatia would start on March 17, 2005 provided that Croatian government cooperates fully with the ICTY. The main issue, the flight of general Gotovina, however, remained unsolved and despite the agreement on an accession negotiation framework, the negotiations did not begin in March 2005.

On October 4, 2005 Croatia finally received green light for accession negotiations after the Chief Prosecutor of the ICTY, Carla Del Ponte officially stated that Croatia is fully cooperating with the Tribunal. This has been the main condition demanded by EU foreign ministers for accession negotiations. The ICTY called upon other southern European states to follow Croatia's good example. Thanks to the consistent position of Austria during the meeting of EU foreign ministers, a long period of instability and the questioning of the determination of the Croatian government to surrender war criminals has ended successfully. The Croatian Prime minister declared that full cooperation with the Hague Tribunal will continue.

As of 2010, the following states have not extended diplomatic recognition to Croatia:[1]

Bahamas, Bhutan, Burundi, Central African Republic, Djibouti, Dominica, Kiribati, Liberia, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Niger, Palau, Rwanda, St. Kitts and Nevis, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Swaziland, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu.

Current events

The main objective of the Croatian foreign policy is admittance to the European Union. It applied in 2003, and began with accession negotiations in 2005 (see also: Accession of Croatia to the European Union).

Government officials in charge of foreign policy include the Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration, currently Gordan Jandroković, and the President of the Republic, currently Ivo Josipović. The chief EU negotiator is Vladimir Drobnjak.

Croatia has established diplomatic relations with 174 countries.[2] As of 2009, Croatia maintains a network of 51 embassies, 24 consulates and eight permanent diplomatic missions abroad. Furthermore, there are 52 foreign embassies and 69 consulates in the Republic of Croatia in addition to offices of international organizations such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Organization for Migration, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), World Bank, World Health Organization, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), United Nations Development Programme, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and UNICEF.[3]

International organizations

Republic of Croatia participates in the following international organizations: CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G11, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, ITUC, NAM (observer), NATO, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SECI, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMOGIP, UPU, WCO, WEU (associate), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

There exists a Permanent Representative of Croatia to the United Nations.

Foreign support

Croatia receives support from donor programs of:

Between 1991 and 2003, the EBRD had directly invested a total of 1,212,039,000 EUR into projects in Croatia.

In 1998, U.S. support to Croatia came through the Southeastern European Economic Development Program (SEED), whose funding in Croatia totaled $23.25 million. More than half of that money was used to fund programs encouraging sustainable returns of refugees and displaced persons. About one-third of the assistance was used for democratization efforts, and another 5% funded financial sector restructuring.

In 2003 USAID considered Croatia to be on a "glide path for graduation" along with Bulgaria. Its 2002/2003/2004 funding includes around $10 million for economic development, up to $5 million for the development of democratic institutions, about $5 million for the return of population affected by war and between 2 and 3 million dollars for the "mitigation of adverse social conditions and trends". A rising amount of funding is given to cross-cutting programs in anti-corruption, slightly under one million dollars.

The European Commission has proposed to assist Croatia's efforts to join the European Union with 245 million euros from PHARE, ISPA and SAPARD aid programs over the course of 2005 and 2006.

International disputes

Relations with neighbouring states have normalized somewhat since the breakup of Yugoslavia. Work has begun — bilaterally and within the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe since 1999 — on political and economic cooperation in the region.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Main article: Bosnia and Herzegovina–Croatia relations

Discussions continue between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina on various sections of the border, the longest border with another country for each of these countries.

Sections of the Una river and villages at the base of Mount Plješevica are in Croatia, while some are in Bosnia, which causes an excessive number of border crossings on a single route and impedes any serious development in the region. The Zagreb-Bihać-Split railway line is still closed for major traffic due to this issue.

The border on the Una river between Hrvatska Kostajnica on the northern, Croatian side of the river, and Bosanska Kostajnica on the southern, Bosnian side, is also being discussed. A river island between the two towns is under Croatian control, but is also claimed by Bosnia. A shared border crossing point has been built and has been functioning since 2003, and is used without hindrance by either party.

The Herzegovinian municipality of Neum in the south makes the southernmost part of Croatia an exclave and the two countries are negotiating special transit rules through Neum to compensate for that. Recently Croatia has opted to build a bridge to the Pelješac peninsula to connect the Croatian mainland with the exclave but Bosnia and Herzegovina has protested that it will close their way to international waters (although Croatian territory and territorial waters surround Bosnian-Herzegovinan ones completely) and has suggested that the bridge must be higher than 55 meters for free passage of all types of ships. Negotiations are still being held.

Slovenia

Main articles: Croatia–Slovenia relations and Croatia–Slovenia border disputes

Croatia and Slovenia have several land and maritime boundary disputes. Slovenia claims that the maritime border in Piran Bay does not go through the middle of the bay, while Croatia claims it does. This is causing problems for fishermen due to there being an undefined area where the naval police of each country may patrol. Related to the border in Piran Bay is Slovenian access to international waters in the form of a corridor which would require Croatia to cede its exclusive rights over at least some of its territorial waters to the west of Umag.

A small number of pockets of land on the right-hand side of the river Dragonja in Istria have remained under Croatian jurisdiction after the river was re-routed after the Second World War. This area is located near the Sečovlje-Plovanija official border crossing point (set up by an interim agreement of the two countries in the 1990s).

The area around the peak of the Žumberak mountain is assigned partly to Slovenia and partly to Croatia (the Sveta Gera area). However, an old Yugoslav People's Army barracks building on the Croatian part of the border is still occupied by a small number of Slovenian army personnel.

Slovenia is disputing Croatia's claim to establish an economic section of the Adriatic, requiring direct access to the international waters. Croatia decided to pursue a policy of stricter control over fishing and other economic use of the sea. This policy has been in place since late 2004 but excludes the EU countries (namely, Slovenia and Italy).

Other issues that have yet to be fully resolved include:

Montenegro

In late 2002, Croatia and Serbia and Montenegro adopted an interim agreement to settle the disputed Prevlaka peninsula at the entrance of the Bay of Kotor in Croatia's favour, allowing the withdrawal of the UN monitoring mission. This agreement applies to Montenegro since its independence. Countries agreed to settle all possible disputes at International Court of Justice in Hague.

Serbia

Main article: Croatia – Serbia relations

Due to the meandering of the Danube, the eastern border of Baranja with Serbia according to cadastral delineation is not followed, as each country controls territory on their side of the main river flow. Further south, near Vukovar and near Šarengrad, there are two river islands (Vukovarska ada and Šarengradska ada) which have been part of SR Croatia (during Yugoslavia) but during the war they came under Serbian control. Croatia is asking that the islands be returned because of the Badinter Arbitration Committee decision from 1991 that all internal borders between Yugoslav republics have become international. Serbia is refusing to return the islands (and disregards the committee decision) with the explanation that they are nearer to the Serbian side of the river so they are Serbian.[4] Military occupation of the islands ended recently after an incident in which Serbian military opened fire and arrested the mayor of Vukovar Vladimir Štengel with 19 other Croatian civilians and 8 children who were going to visit Zvezdan Kisić the mayor of the Serbian town Bačka Palanka.[5] These islands are now under Serbian police control.

Italy

Main article: Croatia – Italy relations

The relations between Croatia and Italy have been largely cordial and friendly, although occasional incidents do arise on issues such as the Istrian exodus or the Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone.

Diplomatic relations

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Albania 1992-08-25 See Albanian–Croatian relations
 Andorra 1995-04-28
  • Croatia is represented in Andorra through its embassy in Madrid (Spain).
  • Andorra is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Paris (France).
 Austria 1992-01-15 See Austria–Croatia relations
 Belarus 1992-09-25
 Belgium 1992-03-10
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-07-21 See Bosnia and Herzegovina – Croatia relations
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Zagreb.
  • Croatia has an embassy in Sarajevo.
  • The two countries share a 932-kilometer (579 mi) border.
 Bulgaria 1992-08-13 See Bulgaria–Croatia relations
 Cyprus 1993-02-04
 Czech Republic 1993-01-01
 Denmark 1992-02-01 See Croatia–Denmark relations
 Estonia 1992-03-02 See Croatia–Estonia relations
  • Estonia has an embassy in Budapest, Hungary which serves to represent the country in Croatia.
  • Croatia has an embassy in Helsinki, Finland which serves to represent the country in Estonia.
 Finland 1992-02-19
 France 1992-04-24
 Georgia 1993-02-01
  • Croatia is represented in Georgia through its embassy in Athens (Greece);
  • Georgia is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Athens (Greece).
 Germany 1992-01-15

See Croatian–German relations
 Greece 1992-07-20
 Holy See 1992-02-08
  • Croatia has an embassy in Holy See in Rome;
  • Holy See has an embassy in Zagreb
 Hungary 1992-01-18 See Croatia–Hungary relations
 Iceland 1992-06-30
 Ireland 1995-01-27
 Italy 1992-01-17
 Kosovo 2008-06-30
 Latvia 1992-02-14
  • Croatia is represented in Latvia through its embassy in Stockholm (Sweden).
  • Latvia is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Prague (Czech Republic) and an honorary consulate in Zagreb.
 Liechtenstein 1992-02-04
  • Croatia is represented in Liechtenstein through its embassy in Bern (Switzerland).
 Lithuania 1992-03-18
 Luxembourg 1992-04-29
  • The Croatian embassy in Brussels, Belgium is also accredited as a non-resident embassy to Luxembourg.
 Macedonia 1992-03-30
  • From 1918-1991, Croatia and Macedonia were part of Yugoslavia;
  • Croatia has an embassy in Skopje, and the general consulate in Bitola;
  • Macedonia has an embassy in Zagreb.
 Malta 1992-06-30
 Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1992-12-22
  • Sovereign Military Order of Malta has an embassy in Zagreb.
 Moldova 1992-07-28
 Montenegro 2006-07-07
 Netherlands 1992-04-23
 Norway 1992-02-20
 Poland 1992-04-11
 Portugal 1992-02-03
 Romania 1992-08-29
 Russia 1992-05-25
 San Marino 1993-02-11
 Slovakia 1993-01-01
 Slovenia 1992-02-06 See Croatia–Slovenia relations
  • Croatia has an embassy in Ljubljana and 2 honorary consulates in Maribor and Koper.
  • Slovenia has an embassy in Zagreb and an honorary consulate in Split.
  • Both countries shares 670 km of common border.
 Serbia 1996-09-09
then as FR Yugoslavia and including Montenegro		 See Croatia–Serbia relations
  • Croatia has an embassy in Belgrade and a general consulate in Subotica.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Zagreb and 2 general consulates (in Rijeka and Consulate in Vukovar).
 Spain 1992-03-09 See Croatia–Spain relations
 Sweden 1992-01-29
 Switzerland 1992-01-30
 Ukraine 1992-02-18
 United Kingdom 1992-06-24

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria 1992-10-15
 Angola 1994-11-16
 Benin 2001-03-26
 Burkina Faso 1995-05-18
 Cape Verde 1994-08-13
 Chad 1999-09-17
 Comoros 1999-06-29
 Côte d'Ivoire 1995-10-17
 Egypt 1992-10-01

See Croatia–Egypt relations
 Eritrea 1999-06-04
 Ethiopia 1995-10-17
 Gabon 2001-10-22
 Gambia 1998-10-16
 Ghana 1993-02-17
 Guinea-Bissau 1995-10-19
 Lesotho 1998-11-06
 Libya 200-03-30

See Croatia–Libya relations
 Maldives 1997-04-08
 Mali 1995-09-20
 Mauritania 2004-11-11
 Mauritius 1997-09-03
 Morocco 1992-06-26
 Mozambique 1996-08-23
 Nigeria 1993-01-07
 São Tomé and Príncipe 1993-05-23
 Senegal 1997-10-01
 Seychelles 1997-09-30
 South Africa 1992-11-19
 Sudan 1992-07-17
 Tonga 1993-12-20
 Tanzania 1993-07-02
 Togo 1993-12-20
 Tunisia 1993-01-30
 Uganda 1999-03-10
 Zambia 1995-09-20

Asia

Middle East

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Armenia 1994-07-08 See Armenia–Croatia relations
 Bahrain 1993-01-18
 Iran 1992-04-18 See Croatia–Iran relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on April 18, 1992 when Iran became the 7th country to recognize the newly-independent Croatia. Croatia has an embassy in Tehran and Iran maintains an embassy and a cultural centre in Zagreb.
 Iraq 2005-01-05
 Israel 1997-09-04
 Jordan 1994-06-29
 Kuwait 1994-08-10
 Lebanon 1994-12-05
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on December 5, 1994.
  • Croatia is represented in Lebanon through its embassy in Cairo (Egypt) and through an honorary consulate in Beirut.
  • Lebanon is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Vienna (Austria).
  • Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.
 Qatar 1992-12-05
 Saudi Arabia 1995-06-08
 Syria 1997-08-29
 Turkey 1992-08-26
 United Arab Emirates 1992-06-23
 Yemen 1993-01-17

Central Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Afghanistan 1996-01-03
 Azerbaijan 1995-01-26
 Kazakhstan 1992-10-20
 Kyrgyzstan 1996-12-23
 Turkmenistan 1996-07-02
 Uzbekistan 1995-02-06

South Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 India 1992-07-09
 Nepal 1998-02-06 Croatia is represented in Nepal through its embassy in New Delhi.
 Pakistan 1994-07-20
 Sri Lanka 1997-02-14

Southeast Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Burma 1999-09-03
 Cambodia 1996-09-10
 Indonesia 1992-09-03
 Laos 1996-03-04
 Malaysia 1992-05-04
  • Croatia is represented in Malaysia through its embassy in Kuala Lumpur.
  • Malaysia is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Zagreb.
 Philippines 1993-02-25
 Singapore 1992-11-23
 Thailand 1992-09-09
 Timor-Leste 2003-02-05
 Viet Nam 1994-07-01

East Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Japan 1993-03-05
 Mongolia 1993-03-10
 North Korea 1992-11-30
 People's Republic of China 1992-05-13
 South Korea 1992-11-18

Oceania

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia 1992-02-13
 Nauru 2000-12-14
 New Zealand 1992-02-25
 Samoa 1994-03-08

Americas

Caribbean

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Antigua and Barbuda 1999-09-20
 Cuba 1992-09-23
 Grenada 2000-05-19
 Jamaica 1996-10-09
 Saint Lucia 1997-12-10
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1994-10-07

Latin America

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 1992-04-13 See Argentine–Croatian relations
 Bolivia 1992-11-26
 Brazil 1992-12-23
  • Brazil has an embassy in Zagreb since 2007.
  • Croatia has an embassy in Brasília.
 Chile 1992-04-15 See Chile–Croatia relations
 Colombia 1995-04-25
 Costa Rica 1995-10-19
 Ecuador 1996-02-22
 El Salvador 1997-07-24
 Guatemala 1992-12-22
 Honduras 1999-09-20
 Mexico 1992-12-06
 Nicaragua 1996-03-29
 Panama 1996-06-12
 Paraguay 1992-03-13
 Peru 1993-01-12 See Foreign relations of Peru
 Suriname 1997-12-17
 Uruguay 1993 -05-04
 Venezuela 1992-10-09

North America

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Canada 1993-04-14
 United States of America 1992-08-11 See Croatian–American relations

Sources: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of the Republic of Croatia
Collection of International Treaties (entry on Syria)
Collection of International Treaties (entry on Lebanon

Overview

Croatia has established relations with 174 countries (including Kosovo) and the Order of Malta.[58][59]

Croatia has no diplomatic relations with:

See also

References

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  13. ^ "Czech embassy in Zagreb". Mzv.cz. 2010-04-30. http://www.mzv.cz/wwwo/default.asp?idj=2&amb=92. Retrieved 2010-06-11. 
  14. ^ "Finnish embassy in Zagreb". Finland.hr. http://www.finland.hr/en/. Retrieved 2010-06-11. 
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  26. ^ "Dutch embassy in Zagreb". Mfa.nl. http://www.mfa.nl/zag-en. Retrieved 2010-06-11. 
  27. ^ "Norwegian embassy in Zagreb". Norwegianembassy.hr. 2009-11-08. http://www.norwegianembassy.hr/info/embassy.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-11. 
  28. ^ "Croatian embassy in Warsaw (in Croatian and Polish only)". Pl.mfa.hr. http://pl.mfa.hr/?mv=2397&mh=404. Retrieved 2010-06-11. 
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  30. ^ (Russian) (Croatian) Embassy of Croatia in Moscow
  31. ^ (Russian) (Croatian) Embassy of The Russian Federation in Zagreb
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  33. ^ "Slovak embassy in Zagreb". Mfa.sk. http://www.mfa.sk/zu/index/podstranka.php?id=453. Retrieved 2010-06-11. 
  34. ^ "Swedish embassy in Zagreb". Swedenabroad.com. http://www.swedenabroad.com/Start____5854.aspx. Retrieved 2010-06-11. 
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  38. ^ "(in Croatian)". Index.hr. http://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/zadar-otvoren-pocasni-konzulat-republike-ukrajine/163719.aspx. Retrieved 2010-06-11. 
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  43. ^ "Syrian embassy in Budapest (also accredited to Croatia)". Syrianembassy.hu. http://www.syrianembassy.hu/. Retrieved 2010-06-11. 
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  45. ^ "Indian embassy in Zagreb". Indianembassy.hr. 2009-01-09. http://www.indianembassy.hr/. Retrieved 2010-06-11. 
  46. ^ "Croatian embassy in Jakarta (also accredited to Thailand)". Croatemb.or.id. http://www.croatemb.or.id/. Retrieved 2010-06-11. 
  47. ^ "Thai embassy in Budapest (also accredited to Croatia)". Thaiembassy.org. 2010-05-30. http://www.thaiembassy.org/budapest/. Retrieved 2010-06-11. 
  48. ^ "Japanese embassy in Zagreb". Hr.emb-japan.go.jp. http://www.hr.emb-japan.go.jp/. Retrieved 2010-06-11. 
  49. ^ "Japan-Croatia Relations". Mofa.go.jp. 1993-03-05. http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/europe/croatia/index.html. Retrieved 2010-06-11. 
  50. ^ Stephen Turnbull (2003). Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests 1190-1400. Osprey Publishing. p. 53. ISBN 1841765236. http://books.google.com/books?id=N2MMD0yfxyAC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53. "The Mongol way now led via Lake Balaton to a crossing of the Drava river into Croatia. The Mongols soon captured Zagreb, and before very long they were in ..." 
  51. ^ Marcus Tanner (2001). Croatia: a nation forged in war. Yale University Press. p. 21. ISBN 0300091257. http://books.google.com/books?id=XC707lnO0kIC&pg=PA21. 
  52. ^ Vjekoslav Klaić (1982) (in Croatian). Povijest Hrvata [History of the Croats]. Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Matice hrvatske. http://books.google.hr/books?id=6ux8QwAACAAJ. 
  53. ^ "Croatian embassy in Beijing". Cn.mfa.hr. http://cn.mfa.hr/. Retrieved 2010-06-11. 
  54. ^ "Chinese embassy in Zagreb". Hr.china-embassy.org. http://hr.china-embassy.org/eng/. Retrieved 2010-06-11. 
  55. ^ "Australian embassy in Zagreb". Croatia.embassy.gov.au. http://www.croatia.embassy.gov.au/. Retrieved 2010-06-11. 
  56. ^ "New Zealand embassy in Rome (also accredited to Croatia)". Nzembassy.com. http://www.nzembassy.com/home.cfm?c=7. Retrieved 2010-06-11. 
  57. ^ Croatian embassy in Buenos Aires
  58. ^ Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations, mfa.hr
  59. ^ Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations, mvpei.hr

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